ABSTRACT
Bisphenol analogs (BPs) are extensively employed in commercial and industrial products and they have been found in a variety of environmental matrices and human samples. The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) has been a trendy food in China in recent decades. However, the levels of BPs in Chinese crayfish and the associated hazards of human exposure remain unknown. Thus, in this study, the levels of eight BPs in crayfish gathered from five major provinces engaged in crayfish within the Yangtze River Basin were analyzed. Additionally, the health risks for humans by ingesting crayfish were calculated. BPs were frequently detected in crayfish tissues, indicating the wide occurrence of these chemicals. In comparison to other substitutions, BPA remains the dominant bisphenol analog. Most of the BPs were observed to accumulate in the hepatopancreas compared to the muscle, so consuming the hepatopancreas of crayfish is not recommended. With the exception of BPS, the Estimated Daily Intakes (EDIs) of the remaining BPs exceeded the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) specified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) by a factor of 1.75-69.0. The mean hazard index (HI) values exceeded 1 for both hepatopancreas and muscle in all provinces, and the mean HI values for hepatopancreas were significantly higher than those for muscle, indicating potential health risks for local consumers.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the associations between exposure to blood volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the level of serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) in adults. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), including 2008 participants aged 20 to 75 years old. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the associations between 28 VOCs and NfL after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to examine the potential non-linear associations. RESULTS: The linear regression models showed that higher levels of 2,5-dimethylfuran (ß = 0.042, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.001, 0.096), ethyl acetate (ß = 0.118, 95 % CI = 0.008, 0.304), and m-/p-xylene (ß = 0.043, 95%CI = 0.012, 0.074) were associated with higher NfL levels. These estimates were largely consistent after adjusting for multiple confounders. CONCLUSION: The findings of our study suggest a potential association between certain volatile organic compounds (2,5-dimethylfuran, ethyl acetate, and m-/p-xylene) and blood NfL levels, implying that they may have a role in revealing neurodegeneration and influencing neurological health.
